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Charvaka, also called Lokayata (Sanskrit: “Worldly Ones”), a philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, liberation ( ), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the, and the immortality of the self. Of the recognized means of knowledge ( pramana), the Charvaka recognized only direct perception ( anubhava). Sources critical of the school depict its followers as hedonists advocating a policy of total opportunism; they are often described as addressing princes, whom they urged to act exclusively in their own self-interest, thus providing the climate in which a text such as ’s (“The Science of Material Gain”) could be written.Although Charvaka doctrine had disappeared by the end of the period, its onetime importance is confirmed by the lengthy attempts to refute it found in both and orthodox philosophical texts, which also the main sources for knowledge of the doctrine. This article was most recently revised and updated.